New Method Of Ultrahard Material Synthesis - 1048 Words

New Method in Ultrahard Material Synthesis: CS2 Catalyzed Ultrahard Fullerite Ultrahard materials is a broad category define by materials that are harder than diamond. Diamond, thought to be the hardest material for centuries hasn’t been the hardest material seen by scientists in a long time. Many materials have been developed or discovered recently that surpass the 150 GPa hardness of diamond by as much as 100%. There are many ways to measure the hardness of a material, from the classic scratch test to more complicated bulk modulus calculations. Other tests of hardness include indentation and rebound tests, or measurements of the elastic and shear modulus. Ultrahard fullerite is one such material that has surpassed diamond with values†¦show more content†¦Structural studies of fullerite are hampered by its lack of a 4 or 6 fold axis, so long-term periodicity in fullerite’s crystal lattice isn’t possible for covalently-bonded fullerene molecules in three dimensions. TEM studies have shown a sequence of FCC phases that have been ex plained by bonded fullerene chains formation. Because of this difficulty, researchers have turned to Raman spectroscopy to study the polymerization, which has features explained by the C60 phonon spectra perturbations by intermolecular covalent bonding. The 3D polymerized phases produced in ultrahard fullerite synthesis are phase IV and V, where phase V is the desired ultrahard fullerite. Phase V is translucent in the near IR or visible range having a Raman spectrum containing two broad peaks around 1550 cm-1 and around 500 cm-1. Prior to research by Popov et al., the synthesis conditions of ultrahard fullerite depended on a degree of plastic deformation and stress tensor variation of a sample under compression. The minimum required pressure for synthesis was 13 GPa at 1100 K, or 18 GPa at room temperature, both of which aren’t suitable for industrial production without a catalyst. The polymerization of fullerene molecules starts under sunlight irradiation at ambient temperatures to create dimers. These simple conditions for these intermolecular bonds to form led researchers to hypothesize

Different Types of Literature Review Free Essays

Discuss types of literature review, sources of information in literature review and the process of conducting literature review? Literature Review According to the royal literature fund, literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in a given subject or a chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or the topic one is writing about. Literature review surveys the literature material in the chosen area of study and critically analyses the information gathered by identifying the gaps in the current knowledge synthesizing the information in that literature into a summary and presenting the literature in an organized way. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Types of Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Narrative/Traditional Literature Reviews These Critique the literature and summarize the body of the whole document. Also, they draw conclusions about the topic and identify gaps or inconstancies in a body of knowledge. Consequently, the narrative versions can also assist in identifying gaps in research by helping to define and also refine research questions. Systematic Quantitative Literature Review According to Catherine Pickering, an academic staff member of Griffith University, the method requires more rigorous and well defined approaches compared to most other types. It’s comprehensive and details the time frame within which the literature was selected: It can be divided into two: Meta-analysis Meta- synthesis Meta-Analysis This is where Patterns and relationships are detected and conclusions are drawn .Its associated with deductive research approach. Meta synthesis Based on non-statistical techniques, these methods integrate, evaluate, and interpret findings of multiple qualitative research studies .Meta synthesis literature review is conducted usually when following inductive research approach. Argumentative Literature Review It examines literature selectively in order to support in favor of or against an argument, deeply embedded assumption or philosophical problem already established in the literature. Integrative Literature Review Reviews The above method Critiques and synthesizes secondary data about research topic in an integrated way such that new framework and perspectives on the topic are generated .If the research does not involve primary data collection and analysis, then the option will be to use integrative literature review Theoretical Literature Review It focuses in the pool of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory or phenomena. Usually it plays an instrumental role in establishing what theories already exist, the relationship between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, developing new hypothesis to be tested. Historical Review The focus is of examining research for a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory or phenomena emerged in the literature then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of discipline .The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with the state of the art developments and identify the likely direction for the future research. Scoping Literature Review Scoping reviews are quite similar to Systematic literature reviews though the key distinction being that there are no restrictions on the materials resourced. The purpose of the scoping review is finding the materials on the topic. When undertaking a scoping review, it is important to systematize your search strategies to ensure you can replicate your searches and to attend to any gaps that appear in the results. Sources of Information in Literature Review Primary Sourses This is an original piece of work on which other research is based on. This presents the native thought processes, reports a discovery or share new information. Results in physical, print or electronic format are the first formal appearance. Characteristics Primary sources have high level of details. Primary sources require little time to publish. Examples of primary sources of information. Literary creation e.g. Novel, short stories, Poems etc. Artifacts e.g. coins, plant specimens, Furniture, tools, clothing. Audio recordings e.g. radio programs Diaries Internet communication on emails Interviews e.g. oral histories, telephone, emails Letters Newspapers articles written at that time. Journal articles published in peer –reviewed publications. Original Documents e.g. Birth certificate, will marriage license Photographs. Meeting proceedings, conferences and symposiums. Speeches Survey Research e.g. market survey or public opinion polls. Video recording. Website. Records of organizations, Government agencies e.g. annual reports, constitution etc. Secondary Sources Secondary sources are stories written after the fact with the benefit of the occurrence. They are explanations and assessments of primary sources. They bear no evidence, only that they describe and report on evidence. Characteristics of secondary sources. They bear ordinary level of details. They require little more time to publish. Examples of secondary sources. Bibliographies (also considered tertiary). Biographical works. Commentaries, criticisms. Dictionaries, Encyclopedias (also considered tertiary). Histories. Literary criticism such as Journal articles. Magazine and newspaper articles. Monographs, other than fiction and autobiography. Textbooks (also considered tertiary). Web sites (also considered primary). Tertiary Sources This is information which is refined and accumulated from primary and secondary sources. Characteristics of Tertiary sources. The detail level is low. They require a lot of time to publish. Examples of tertiary sources of information. Almanacs. Bibliographies (also considered secondary). Chronologies. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias (also considered secondary). Directories. Fact books. Guidebooks. Indexes, abstracts, bibliographies used to locate primary and secondary sources. Manuals. Textbooks (also be secondary) The Process of Conducting a Literature Review According to Wikipedia, literature review also narrative review is a scholarly paper which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Research process consists of series of steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired sequencing of these steps. Choose a topic. This means defining a research question. The researcher should single out the problem he wants to study, the research question not too broad or too narrow, write down terms that are related to the question, discuss the question with the supervisor. Wide literature survey on the scope of review. This is from abstracting and indexing journals and published or unpublished bibliographies, academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports and books. Development of working hypotheses. Hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track. Preparing the research design. Stating the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. Determining sample design. At this stage the researcher develops a definite plan determined before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population Collecting the data. In context of money costs, time and other resources at the disposal of the researcher, data are collected by observation, through personal interview, through telephone interviews, by mailing of questionnaires or through schedules. Execution of the project. The researcher should see that the project is executed in a systematic manner and in time and that the data to be collected is adequate and dependable. Analysis of data using tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. Hypothesis-testing. At this the researcher is in a position to test the hypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier. If the researcher had no hypotheses to start with, generalizations established on the basis of data may be stated as hypotheses to be tested by subsequent researches in times to come Generalizations and interpretation: If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times, it may be possible for the researcher to arrive at generalization but if the researcher had no hypothesis to start with, he might seek to explain his findings on the basis of some theory. Preparation of the report or the thesis with three parts: a. The preliminary pages. b. The main text. c. Summing up. References Martyn Shuttle worth (Sep 16, 2009). What is a Literature Review? Retrieved Jul 18, 2018 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/what-is-a-literature-review Source: Grant, M. J., ; Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information ; Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x De Souza, M. T., da Silva, M. D., ; de Carvalho, R. (2010). Integrative review: What is it? How to do it? Einstein (16794508), 8(1), 102-106. Forward, L., ; Hobby, L. (2002). A practical guide to conducting a systematic review. Nursing Times, 98(2), 36-37. Baglione, L. (2012). Writing a Research Paper in Political Science. Thousand Oaks, California: CQ Press. Systematic Literature Reviews for Education https://libraryguides.griffith.edu.au/c.php?g=45 Literature review sources retrieved from https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/literature-review-sources/. Comparative Literature: Primary, secondary ; tertiary sources by Yale university library as retrieved from https://guides.library.yale.edu/complit. FLORIDA A;M UNIVERSITY. Retrieved from library.famu.edu Literature review Retrieved from https;//libguides.uwf.edu Literature review Retrieved from https;//libguides.uwf.edu How to cite Different Types of Literature Review, Papers

Macro and Microenvironment Analysis of Bindle

Question: Describe about the Macro and Microenvironment Analysis of Bindle. Answer: Introduction Market Environment Analysis is a vital step that assists to understand the national, international, external and internal environment of an organization that directly or indirectly affects the business. The factors that have direct control can be managed by the companies but same factors are not in the control of the business. The management of such factors in a proper way results as an opportunity. Companies whose management is strong, converts the challenges into opportunities. It enhances the potential of the organizations and protects from the threat available in the environment. There are many tools that can help organizations to analyze the environment like- SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis, STEEP analysis, STEEPLE analysis, PEST analysis, etc. A PESTLE analysis is the most used and effective analysis used by the companies. It stands for: Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis. It also analyzes the opportunities and threat of an organizatio n. A Political analysis means all the government regulations and rules imposed by the same, which impact the businesses of a particular country or state. For example- Taxes on imports and exports, quotas, tariffs, etc. Economic factors are those factors related to the money. It can be in the form of tax, duties, etc. for which the businesses are obliged to pay. Society refers to the social surrounding in which a business is running. The changes in the society and the norms, culture, ethics, morals of the people, that creates an impact on the business. Legal environment means laws and duties of the government that should be followed by the organization to work smoothly. Environmental factors are the factors that are not controlled by anyone. Like- Weather, seasons, disaster etc. In this way, all these factors influence the working of the business. Industry Overview and Product Description Bindle Bindle is a company that sells their products online. It is situated in Australia. The company manufactures gift items using differ styles. They believe that eco-friendly production sustains the business for a longer period of time. Hence, the company blends its products with sustainability. They have eco-friendly gift stores located in various parts of Australia. Bindle has replaced the artistic license and gift hampers into attractive gifts and pickings. This company designs and presents its consumers with beautiful gift boxes and baskets. Bindle prepared gifts not only for women but also, it has a wide variety for men, babies, clients, corporate people, Christmas, birthday parties etc. The items of the gifts are manufactured by boutique Australian who prepare food, wines, cakes, desserts, cookies, and also design gift items for the company. The gifts from Bindle are the remarkable alternative of traditional gifts and hampers. Bindle is a perfect choice for those who want to keep t he environment in their minds while purchasing gifts and presents for their loved ones (Upadhyay, 2014). Products and Packaging The gifts from Bindle came in a fully packed hand-made Bindle signature baskets or boxes. The packing is done by rich quality packing paper. The packaging of each bundle of gifts is done through stylistic nod according to the Japanese art. The tie-up of gift boxes and folding is not done by using tapes and staples which give the present holder a different experience of unfolding the gifts. The packing in itself is a valuable part of the gifts by Bindle. Vision of the Company A Bindle is bundles of possession carried by the hobo. Hobo means a person who is homeless, a vagrant. The company said, I have had my hobo chapters and lived nomadically with very few possessions. Bindle said that unlike hobos who do not have any possessions and prescribed boundaries, the company has a sense of place and locate. Everyone faced a nightmare before going to a party or many occasion to search perfect gifts for the loved ones. Bindle was born with a vision that due to globalization the world is becoming smaller and the choice for gifts and the features is also less. With this vision, it engaged the local artisans of Australia to produce hand-crafted gift packs. They have a wide variety of gifts from every part of Australia. Their creation is unique and matched the culture over here- the gifts, its wrapping and the boxes in which they are wrapped. Each gift item produced by Bindle is a compilation of many talented people who tried to bring his or her own creativity. The inter-relationship between the artisans, friends, families, farmers, etc. makes the Bindle unique. Each delivery of gift influences the whole organization (Pierce, 2012). Bindle is not a simple gift-packing service. Each box from this company has handmade cookies. If you want to have the goodies from Bindle, you do not have to put mush efforts to find gifts. All the gifts are carefully and uniquely chosen. Example- ties pattern packing, coffee beans, cosmetics, gourmet jams, etc. Basically, this company and its products are a shortcut to find quality presents with lesser efforts (Uddin, 2012). The packing of the gifts is done by a designed cloth which is neatly and beautifully wrapped. They have many themes and designs depending on the gifts and the occasion on which the gift needs to deliver. Tagline: We assemble it, you take the credit. Macro and Microenvironment of Bindle There are two types of marketing environment that influence Bindle i.e., micro and macro environment. Such factors are not in the control of the management but (PESTLEanalysis Contributor, 2015)still influence the process of strategic planning and decision making for marketing strategy (Wilson and Piper, 2010). Macro environment Demographic Environment This environment comprises of all the demographic forces that influence bindle. It includes the country, region, the age of the target customers, education level, the lifestyle of people, the culture of that area, etc. The Demographic environment for Bindle is very comfortable and accessible. As the company situated in Australia, the people over there are very educated and elegant. Economical environment Economic Environment has an important impact on bindle. This factor results in trading of products from the market. The tools of an economic factor are inflation, deflation, taxation policy, interest rates on loans, etc. that affects Bindle. These factors become more impactful at the time of new entrants and emerging enterprises (Ghose, 2015). Natural environment It is an important factor of the macro factor of environment. This environment includes the natural resources used by the company as an input to get the outputs. The concern for Bindle enterprises is the declining rate of natural resource, pollution, depletion in the supply of raw material, government policies, etc. As the company, uses a big amount of natural resource in their company. Technological environment Technology is one of the major forces that influence the companies. Though, Bindle believes in the eco-friendly production of the products, still, they also need some technology. It is a pervasive factor of the environment. Technology means the application of updated knowledge that the science provides. The fact is that the technology helped the business to bring revolution in the business operations. Consequently, Jindle has applied to knowledge and application that are changing rapidly (Romero, 2011). Political Legal Environment The political and legal issues are very similar to the social environment because the law and regulations are passes due to the problems arise in the society. There are certain laws that regulated the political environment like- fiscal policies, monetary policies, control on the emission from the industries into air and water, work and health, price control, wages, and salaries, etc. Other factors that come under the same are equal opportunity to all, employment contract, laws for the collective bargaining, etc. Such factors influence the business either in a positive way or negative. Socio-Cultural Environment Social environment refers to the environment that creates many types of obligations to the company. Bindle usually frames their decisions in accordance with the culture of Australia. Social cultural environment deals with the beliefs and values of the society. According to this, the decisions making takes shape. It is one of the biggest challenges to the managers Microenvironment Customers Customers are the most important part of marketing environment. Customers are the individuals or the group of people who buys the goods and services of the company. Bindle in an organization who takes care of their customers and produce goods that provides maximum satisfaction to the same. Suppliers The suppliers are also the group of people or individuals who supplies the raw material used by Bindle to (Gordon, 2014) manufacture fine products like- coffee beans, wood, sugar cane, etc. The effective supply leads to long-term survival of the organization. Intermediaries Intermediaries are the creditors and the debtors that may directly or indirectly influence the bindle. Competitors Competitors are the individuals who manufacture the same product as Bindle. In other words, the organization whose target customers are similar as your organization in known as customers. Competitors are the rivals present in the market that influence the business on a high level. Publics Public refers to the individuals present in the market. The opinion of public plays a vital role as it affects the organization and its reputation. Market segmentation Table showing market segmentation of Bindle S. No. Basis of Segmentation Category Identifies segment Importance/ Relevance 1. By Behaviouralistic Beverages (coffee, tea, etc.), bouquet, chocolates, etc. Youth, corporate people, business meetings, family vacations, special occasions, etc. The basis of this segment is the lifestyle of the people and their behavior. It also includes the loyal behavior of the customers towards any brand. 2. By Physiographic Cosmetics, consumer goods, etc Young individuals, middle aged people, status conscious, etc. The basis of this segmentation is also lifestyle of the people. The attitudes of the individuals, attitude, interest, value, etc. assist bindle to identify their potential customers. 3. By Demographics Daily use products, basic products like toiletries, etc. (Wasserman, 2016) Young, young families, middles aged people, retired people. old age people, etc. The basis of this segmentation is according to the age, size, income, educations, ethnicity, etc. 4. By occasion Show pieces, accessories, chocolates, etc The identified segment includes all age people. The basis of this segmentation is the festivals and occasions according to which the customers demand for the products. Summary of the above Table Bindles market segmentation is very easy and simple for the company. There market segment of this company depend on the products they manufacture. Marketing segmentation refers to a strategy of market that includes division of market into sets of consumers, business, and countries, perceptions, who have similar needs, interests, preferences, priorities, etc. and then implement those strategies to target them. This process in takes place to search the target customers in the market place and to position the marketing strategy on them such as positioning so that an organization can achieve objectives. Many organizations opt for product differentiation policies and indifferent approaches that include product line, specification in products, which depend on the market segment. There are various types of market segmentation depending on the nature and type of market and product. Market targeting and consumer profile Target market for Bindle As we know, that Bindle is an organization that produces gift products and presents of various types. The target market for Bindle is the youth of Australia. Because they are the one who exchanges the gifts items. There are many occasions on which the youth need to exchange gifts, like- Valentine day, valentine week, birthdays, parties, anniversaries, marriages, ceremonies, etc. ( Blackford, 2015). Consumers profile Generation Y (age 10-24) generation X (age 24-37) - The young generation and the middle age people of Australia will be the target market for Bindle and its products. As they are the one who demand the most for such products. Generation X refers to the married people, raising children, individuals who are buying home for the first time, building the corporate, job class people, etc. Generation Y refers to the people who are in a frowning age and experiencing the power to spend money for others. They are career orientated and have enough money to spend on other to give gifts and present for their loved ones (Patidar, 2012). Differentiation and positioning The products differentiation and positioning of Bindle products to its target market is an easy process. Product Bindle has to produce unique products to attract more customers. It can be through special packaging, cost of the product can be a factor of differentiation factor, antique designs, styling, and attractive colors, advertisement strategies, etc. (Suttle, 2016) may help Bindle to differentiate their products for the competitors. Image Bindle can obtain completive advantage by using image differentiation strategy in their organization. It can be achieved through services, channels, people, etc. The image can be differentiated by understanding the actual needs of the target segmentation and producing goods in accordance with the same (Recklies, 2015). Service Service is a vital factor to impress your target market and set an image in the eyes of them. It can be through after sale services, unique services, additional services, guarantee warrant y, free services, etc. People The customers are the back bone of any market. Bindle has to analyze the market and research on the needs and desires for the customers in Australia. Afterwards, they have to design their product that matches the same. Channel It refers to the channels of the goods and services. It includes, free delivery, delivery on time, accurate delivery of products, etc. Conclusion Under this study, we have done marketing analysis for bindle. The companys reputation is good with a wide range of products. The marketing strategy o this company is also very approachable. It has a completive advantage as there is no such company found in Australian markets. So the company is enjoying a type of monopoly. The company has a strong brand position in the markets of Australia. The significance of this study is that the learners will learn a lot about Bindle. They also learn to do market study for any organization. There is a description on product differentiation and brand positions are also discussed. The study is providing detailed profile of all the customers and the target segment for Bindle. References Blackford, C., (2015), Bindle, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://bindle.com.au/blogs/bindle/73477893-bindle-testimonial-love Ghose, S., (2015), Marketing Environment, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/marketing-environment-study-notes/50811/ Gordon, A. (2014). The Empire Of Dreams Mindset. Cork: BookBaby. Patidar, M., (2012), Marketing Environment, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://www.enotesmba.com/2012/12/mba-notes-marketing-environment.html PESTLEanalysis Contributor, (2015), What is Marketing Analysis?, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://pestleanalysis.com/what-is-marketing-analysis/ Pierce, F., (2012), Top 10 supply chain organizations, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://www.supplychaindigital.com/top10/2520/Top-10-Supply-Chain-Organizations Recklies, D, (2015), Market Segmentation- Why is it Important?, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://www.themanager.org/2015/02/market-segmentation/ Romero, E. (2011). Compete outside the box. [U.S.?]: Compete Outside the Box Press. Suttle, R., 2016, What is a product mix?, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/product-mix-639.html Uddin, M. (2012). Journal And Confrence Paper On (Enviornment) E Waste Management. IOSRJMCE, 2(1), pp.25-45. Upadhyay, A. (2014). Social Concentration on Boards, Corporate Information Environment and Cost of Capital. Journal of Business Finance Accounting, 41(7-8), pp.974-1001. Wilson, E. and Piper, J. (2010). Spatial planning and climate change. London: Routledge. Wasserman, E., (2016), How to price your products?, [Online], Accessed on: 17 September 2016, Available on: https://www.inc.com/guides/price-your-products.html

The Negative Effects of Child Beauty Pageants free essay sample

Beauty pageants have been around in America for decades; however, they have not gained notoriety until the show Toddlers and Tiaras aired on national television. The airing of Toddlers and Tiaras has brought child pageants to the attention of many Americans. Not many people were aware of what took place in beauty pageants, but ever since the show debuted in 2009 there has been an intense controversy about children as young as newborns being entered into pageants. Some people say that pageants raise self-esteem and teach responsibility, whereas others say that pageants are necessary and children should take advantage of their youth. Although pageants teach etiquette and communication skills, ultimately they carry a vastly high risk of potentially damaging the psychological and physical health of the participating children, as well as their development of strong morals. A child that participates in pageants is at risk for developing mental disorders for several reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Child Beauty Pageants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The children are constantly being compared to each other and given negative criticism. A child, especially a female that is going to pay so much attention to her looks and that knows she is being assessed for it, is very prone to develop eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia (Grosaru). Eating disorders start mentally, but once the victim loses control of their thoughts, it is highly likely that it will develop into a physical illness. They are competing solely based on physical beauty; therefore, they are likely to feel inferior about their appearances, which leads to misconceptions about themselves. Beauty pageants unknowingly expose the misconception that to be perfect one must be slim, tan, poised, and facially gifted. When a child steps on the stage to perform in front of the judges, they sense that they must be perfect in order to win, and this perfection is based on a fake and impossible standard to reach. Losing a beauty contest can make a child feel inferior because they lose for things outside of their control, like facial beauty or skin tone. Low self-esteem leads to numerous psychological disorders such as depression or anxiety (Tighe). Depression and anxiety can be fatal if not treated properly at a reasonable time. These children are constantly castigated by the people in their environment causing them to develop self-deceptions that can provoke more serious illnesses. Participation in a beauty pageant requires many sacrifices that endanger the bodily health of the contestant. Through societys eyes, being tan makes a person attractive. Parents take their children to get spray tans before pageants to make them look more appealing. Spray tans are not likely to risk skin cancer because the external layer of skin on our body is dead cells, which give no damage to the skin. Nevertheless, when the child is being spray tanned she is breathing in dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a potential carcinogen because it damages DNA (our genetic code) and causes mutations (Ginsberg). Chemicals such as DHA, are extremely toxic when breathed by children whose lungs have not fully developed. Spray tanning children appear to be harmless as well as advantageous to their success in pageants; however, the deceptive truth is that the chemicals contribute damage to the body in a discreet way. Another major factor that causes a threat to the childrens body is their lack of sleep throughout the pageant, as well as the preparation need for a pageant. Child beauty pageants are time consuming and exhausting; therefore, the children are deprived of sufficient sleep. Cartwright, a registered dietitian and adjunct professor in the University of Arizonas department of nutritional sciences (Blue), attended a child beauty competition with kids as young as 4 months to as old as 15 years old. She witnessed a mass display of emotion along with parents forbidding their kids to rest or take breaks concerned that napping would mess up their childs image (Blue). In the study, the research team from the Bambino Gesu Childrens Hospital in Rome, Italy, found that children with GHD (Growth Hormone Deficiency) got substantially less sleep and lower quality sleep than their normally growing peers. GHD impairs a childs immune system, making the child more vulnerable to illness, as well as weakens the strength of the childs heart and lungs. Children that are deprived of enough sleep are more likely to have stunted growth than children that get enough sleep. Watching their children slowly lose energy due to no rest, parents feed them excessive amounts of sugar and caffeinated drinks to keep them vivacious throughout the whole pageant. Frequent consumption of such components in children puts their health at risk. Caffeine causes a childs body to excrete nutrients such as caffeine and magnesium in their urine. When this happens too often, a childs body does not have the nutrients it needs to produce strong bones (Wonderly). When children consume caffeine, it contributes to the lack of nutrients to develop a strong body structure. Parents who feed their pageant child pure sugar and energy drinks ignore the future consequences of their childs health, and only focus on the situation at hand. Pixie Sticks and energy boosting drinks such as Mountain Dew or Red Bull, are commonly used pageant drugs to aid children to stay energetic and alert. These, among many others, indicate the clear deleterious effects engendered by the parents of beauty pageant children; this proverbial dark side of child beauty pageants cause critics to question whether any prospective gains are worth the tremendous cost to the child. Figure 1: Child Beauty Pageants Controversy On an online survey, the question Do you think the values that child beauty pageants are beneficial or harmful to the participant? was asked. Out of 15 people, 2 said that pageants are beneficial and 13 said they were harmful. Lee, Ahram. Child Beauty Pageant Controversy. Survey. www. facebook.  com. Publisher, 6 Mar. 2013. Web. 8 Mar. 2013 Children who frequently participate in pageants involuntarily develop different values of the way of life due to their surroundings. In figure 1, the number of people who said that beauty pageants teach harmful values outweighed the number of people who said that beauty pageants teach beneficial values. The looking-glass self is a collaborative process that says that people unfold images of themselves based on what they think others view them as. Individuals opinions of themselves consistently change as their perceptions of how others view them shift (Thomas). According to the looking-glass self, if a child beauty pageant contestant is constantly told to that she is perfect, beautiful, and the best, eventually she will result in thinking that she is perfect, beautiful and the best. Those kinds of children will become more demanding and disrespectful because they create their own sense of superiority above others. Toddlers and Tiaras star Eden Wood, age 6, threw a tantrum at the Allure Fashion Week Lounge in New York when she could not get her teeth whitened, the New York Post reported Thursday (Toddlers and Tiaras). It is not ethical for six-year old toddlers to be asking to get their teeth whitened. Eden is a very well-known and adored pageant star, consequently she takes advantage of her place in the pageant world by demanding things not suitable for her age and throwing fits when she does not get what she desires. Children that are always being uplifted and admired become full of themselves and disregard any respect that should be given to others. Eden Wood, age 7, referred directly to a grown woman as gurl and interrogated Wendy Williams about her wig and if it was superficial or not (Gorgan). As childrens experience in the pageant world expands, they develop greater risks for learning inappropriate and unethical morals which will create problems when they have to interact and compromise with different people who possess different values. Teaching children how to expose themselves at a high maturity level, beauty pageants exploit a large amount of sexuality to their child participants. In the situation that a child with a more revealing outfit, than the other children have, wins the Ultimate Grand Supreme title, immediately the rest of the children will start to question why they didnt win the title. Once the kids realize that the more sexual appeal they give to the judges, the more they have a chance of winning, some will make an effort to imitate the gestures, facial expressions and tricks that they have been shown (Kaeser). The children begin to process that to be successful in anything, one must reveal herself in a superficial and sexual way; they become narrow minded and grow up into adolescence falsely thinking that there is only one important thing in this world: physical attractiveness. Some have said that beauty contests are good for children because they boost confidence, teach how to present themself and interact with different people, but as demonstrated in this paper, the risks are simply too high and outweigh those benefits. Child participation in beauty pageants is morally wrong because it twists the childrens malleable minds into troublesome issues that have the potential to endanger the safety of them and their family. Pageants promote unethical behavior that leads to unintentional psychological and corporeal defects that may be imperishable.

Teachers union Essays - Educators, Occupations, Teacher, Teaching

Teachers union Essays - Educators, Occupations, Teacher, Teaching or your seventh discussion board topic, you will need to watch the video Dont Blame Teachers Unions for Our Failing Schools: A Debate, which can be found in the required learning materials in the Learning Activities folder for Class Session 11. Click on the Discussion Board link above and respond to the following: After watching the debate, do you believe that Teachers Unions are part of the problem in education? Why or why not? Provide examples to support your position. For this discussion, you may want to focus on the following key concepts in the course: Educatio After carefully watching the debate on the article Dont Blame Teachers Unions for Our Failing Schools , I do believe that Teachers Unions are part of the problem in education. Within an union, they are under leadership where they supposed to protect its members. Teachers union are certainly supposed to determine to educating student, epesically in big cities. I do believe that there are teachers out there. However, there are some teachers who are considered to be conservative in personal views. Teachers are seem to be recognized as a blame for societys problems. It is uncertainly not the teachers fault that kids behave the way they choose, or their parents support them when they are in wrong situation. There are parents who actually do not teach their kids about discipline or even bother to educated the; some parents just allowing their kids to hang out at home and not learning anything. When kids not being actively engage to expand their knowledge it creates problems in the long ru n. That is why some students who are in high school are only able to read at a lower level that they are supposed to. The problems in education equality are the same problems in society, which is considered to be very challenges to correct these problems in education as it is in society. Also, the Union are considered to be these people who hold great power in terms of making choices and decision to better situation even protecting its members. They are responsible for protecting jobs and wages is what unions were established to do, helping secure the employment and interest of others. I do not think that teachers are not completely the reason why schools are failing , but I do think do play a factor in school failing. To put into perspective, people cannot simply blame the teachers union for the outcome of failing school. We must put other possible factors into the equation as well. There are other things that contributed to the result of the outcome. For example, we must take into account of students background that they are enrolled in the failing schools. Every student background contains evidence in which some students may performed poorly or successfully. For some reason parents are not providing with the proper resources and other traits that contribute to school to ensure that their kids are successful. I know for sure that parents of students are partially blame for the failing schools In terms of parents, we must also recognized the environment where the schools are located. If a student is in a type of area where violence and drug and other malevolent activities impacts the students success as well. Perhaps parents enroll their kids in an environment that is not considered to be effective or suitable for an excellent education. Every school has different curriculum-some are challenging, average, easy or not just adequate for a good education that a child can receive to take along in college or any career path. The teachers unions contributes to failing school as much as the parents. Teachers are supposed to provide students with a good education. However, some teachers simply do not care about whether r or not the student learn to get their education, but more concern about their bi-weekly paycheck. The notion of teachers mindset affects complications that correlate with students learning abilities. Teachers especially thinks that students who come from low-income communites do not want an education. Maybe teacher way of thinking is because of student past behavior or background stratus. After all, I do not think everyone contribute wholly to failing school, but everyone contributes to the outcome of

5 Words Caught in Semantic Drift

5 Words Caught in Semantic Drift 5 Words Caught in Semantic Drift 5 Words Caught in Semantic Drift By Mark Nichol Is it possible to simultaneously admire the vibrancy and flexibility of the English language and grumble about shifts in meaning that deprive the language of some of its richness? I know it is, because I often do so. Because of the organic nature of language, English is a victim of semantic drift not as cataclysmic as continental drift, but detectable on the rigor scale and I regret the loss of the far-flung flotsam. Semantic drift is the evolution that occurs in the meaning of some words when careless, ignorant usage alters or even reverses their senses. Such change is inevitable, but allow me to mourn the loss of a word here and there, never again to be applicable to an idea or image with such crisp clarity. Here are five terms tainted by semantic drift: 1. Aggravate The essence of aggravate is right there in the middle: grav-, the root of gravity and grave (as in â€Å"serious†; the word for the resting place of a coffin has a different etymological origin). The Latin word gravis means â€Å"heavy,† and aggravate originally literally means â€Å"to make heavy†; the original sense was â€Å"to make worse.† But almost immediately and naturally, because a burden is irritating it acquired the additional sense of â€Å"exasperate.† Use of that meaning now predominates. Wordsmith H. W. Fowler proclaimed that â€Å"to make worse† is the only correct sense of aggravate; he was undoubtedly irritated (not aggravated) to know that popular usage defied his decree. 2. Bemused The root of this word, muse, means â€Å"to think or ponder,† but it has an amusing origin; it is from a Latinate term for â€Å"snout† and became associated with cogitation from the image of lifting one’s nose in the air, perhaps to sniff a scent and consider its source. (It is apparently unrelated to, though influenced by, muse, meaning â€Å"to think,† from the name of the Muses, the Greek goddesses of the arts and sciences; this is also the origin of museum and music.) Bemused (â€Å"confused†) is often confused for amused (â€Å"comically entertained†) because of their original similarity of meaning: Bemused literally means â€Å"thoroughly thinking,† suggesting being confused by thinking too much, whereas the literal meaning of amused is â€Å"without thought,† with the connotation of being diverted from thinking by some lighthearted entertainment. However, bemusement is serious business. 3. Nonplussed This word, taken literally from the Latin words for no and more, originally was used in the noun form to describe a point from which one could not continue because one was perplexed. For five hundred years, that’s what the word meant. But at some point during the twentieth century, people inexplicably began to assume that it refers to the opposite state, that of being unfazed (not unphased!) or at ease, as if being plussed were a state of bewilderment and nonplussed therefore means â€Å"not bewildered.† The antonymic meaning soon went viral, and now one is likely to be unclear about which meaning a speaker or writer has in mind. When that happens, perhaps it’s best to retire a word altogether and fortunately in this case, at least bewildered and perplexed persist (for now) with unequivocal synonymic meaning. 4. Nostalgia This battle was lost long ago, but the case study is interesting. Nostalgia was coined (from the first part of the Greek word for â€Å"homecoming† and the Latin suffix -algia itself originally from Greek and meaning â€Å"pain†) in the late 1600s to refer to the literal affliction of homesickness. For two centuries, nostalgia was treated as a serious ailment suffered by soldiers and others who suffered ailments caused by a melancholic longing for home. That clinical sense itself wasted away, and though nostalgia continued to refer to homesickness, that meaning was overtaken by the idea of a sentimental yearning for a lost state or condition, usually temporally rather than spatially irrevocable. However, I’m nostalgic about the lost meaning. 5. Voluptuous For hundreds of years, voluptuous meant â€Å"luxurious, pleasure seeking, devoted to sensual gratification† (the Latin root is voluptas, meaning â€Å"pleasure†), but back in the early 1800s, the word came to be associated primarily with female beauty, and later the primary sense shifted to that of curvaceousness. Here are some other words that have been affected by semantic drift. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingConfusing "Passed" with "Past"May Have vs. Might Have

Video in the Newsroom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video in the Newsroom - Research Paper Example The research bases most information in relation to New York Times practices. The New York Times newspaper initiated the use of videos in newsrooms following the dawn of digitalized technology and an aspect that propelled sales and profits. The company adapts to the practice and is able to reduce paperwork and unnecessary workforce (Hale c1). The company acquires an edge of efficiency as the editors find ease in making story scripts through the relay of videos. The company prints information promptly and reaches the buyer on time. Therefore, the editors post intense and accurate information online to reach the desired reader (Cornelissen, 78). The New York Times implements that the photographers should work closely to the live footage journalists who cast the videos on the occurrence of the events. The newspaper company establishes that the photographers should take still photos, and write scripts to remain informative to the occurrence of the events (Hale c1). New York Times’ photographers cast video scripts to support their still photos, and written scripts. Therefore, the use of videos in the newsrooms affect the photographers to present supported information to the editors who find ease in revising information, attaching relevant information to the chosen articles and promptly posting it online (Day 48). New York Times relays most of the news via websites to cover a wider area. The company saves unnecessary expenses through the criteria as transport cost reduce accordingly. The use of videos in newsrooms, and in online relay of information curbs the low-income earners from accessing information. The company notes that most of the readers to newspapers lack access to digital informative sources. The newspaper company seeks to reach all the readers accordingly but deviating to the online channels curbs some readers out of reach. Therefore, use of

The Purpose of the Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Purpose of the Higher Education - Essay Example In most cases, the ideas of students are rarely considered when higher learning institutions are developing the curriculum. Due to the fact that we are living in a dynamic environment that is characterized by changes, it is imperative for students to be involved in the curriculum development since they may have some enterprising ideas that can help to improve the whole education system. This idea is supported by Kelly Sousa (http://whichwaync.com/2012/07/18/a-job-offer-a-skill-set-a-higher-tolerance-what-does-college-provide/, July 18, 2012) who posts to the effect that technical skills are gaining more priority as a result of the fact that the world has significantly industrialized. Various courses that are offered at higher learning institutions are theoretical in terms of their design. Students are taught various theories related to a particular area of study and in most cases, this kind of study is mainly academic in nature. However, after graduating from different tertiary insti tutions, many people rarely apply the theoretical knowledge they are taught at universities. Instead, they often encounter different problems that may require experience in that particular area. This experience is often gained through constant practice. It can be noted that some people are offered training at their work which may be costly to the companies since they will have to retrain the newly employed people. Some studies have shown that knowledge is more important since it is regarded as a stepping stone to a career by different people. Higher education is mainly designed to develop people better so that they can be in a position to find solutions to problems they may encounter in their lives. in workplaces, people are expected to make decisions and they should try to find solutions to problems they come across in their work. This is the reason why students should also put their input in the development of the curriculum. The problem with the current curriculum is that it is s kewed in favor of generating theoretical knowledge rather than developing the skills of the students so that they can be in a better position to deal with various technical problems they may encounter in their work. Therefore, it is recommended that people who are pursuing studies in areas that are technical in nature should be exposed to more practice in the actual field of their specialty so that they gain the much-needed knowledge. These students should be attached to different companies for longer periods as part of their learning since this will help them to gain different skills that are required for them to carry out various tasks. Theory and practice should be balanced in order for the students to gain the knowledge that can be transformed in order for them to deal with different problems they may face in their work. Various people seek education for monetary reasons since they believe that they will get better job opportunities that are characterized by high salaries. The c urriculum offered at tertiary institutions is designed in such a way that it helps people with higher qualifications to get high positions in different organizations. For instance, managers, as well as other people with influential positions, are highly qualified and they are paid lucrative salaries as a result of the high qualifications they have.

The L-Tryptophan Recall Essay Example for Free

The L-Tryptophan Recall Essay What L-Tryptophan is? Amino acids are naturally occurring component of human body. They provide the monomer units from which large proteins are synthesized. Amino acids are described as the nitrogen-containing organic compounds forming the building blocks of proteins. â€Å"They are essential to human metabolism, and to making the human body function properly for good health†. (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0001/ai_2603000153)    Amino acids are classified as essential and non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are those which are required to be included in the diet as body is not capable of synthesizing it. â€Å"Of the 28 amino acids known to exist, eight of them are considered essential, defined as those that can be obtained only through food. These essential amino acids are tryptophan, lysine, methionine, phenylalaine, threonine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The non-essential amino acids include arginine, tyrosine, glycine, serine, glutmamic acid, aspartic acid, taurine, cycstine, histidine, proline, alanine, and creatine, which is a combination of arginine, glycine, and methionine.† (http://www.findarticles.com/p/search?qt=tryptophanqf=allqta=1tb=artx=0y=0) Tryptophan (L-Tryptophan) is one of the essential amino acid encoded by the genetic code as codon UG. Tryptophan is found in protein rich foods. Its sources includes â€Å"oats, bananas, dried dates, milk, yoghurt, cottage cheese, red meat, eggs, fish, poultry, sesame, chickpeas, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, spirulina peanuts and turkey†. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan) Tryptophan (L-Tryptophan) is used for treating Depression, Anxiety, Insomnia, Aggression, Pain and many other neurological disorders. It is helpful for neurological disorders because tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitters used at almost all nerve endings present in our body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The metabolite of tryptophan, 5-HTP can be obtained in capsule or tablet form from any pharmacist without a prescription since it was included under the Dietary Supplement Act. What Products Contain It and What Their Uses Are? As already mentioned, L-Tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin. Serotonin works in the body as an anti-depressant, pain and anxiety suppressor, or a sleep inducer. Therefore,  Ã‚   L-Tryptophan is found in many anti-depressant drugs such as Paxil and Zolof and even Prozac and thus when taken, produces serotonin. Other pharmaceutical products containing L-Tryptophan includes names like Xanax, Valium, Halcion, Dalmane, Codeine, Anafranil. Xanax, or alprazolam, also belongs to the class of drugs benzodiazepines. Xanax is used to treat anxiety. It acts on the brain chemicals which causes anxiety.   It should not be taken by pregnant or lactating women without prescription due to its harmful effects. Xanax can cause serious birth defects.   Xanax overdose is fatal and should contact your doctor immediately. Halcion also belongs to the benzodiazepine class of drugs.   Triazolam, the generic name for Halcion, is used for treating short-term insomnia. Dalmane, generic name Flurazepam hydrochloride, is used for treating insomnia. Insomnia is defined as difficulty in falling asleep or waking up frequently at night. Dalmane is usually used by people who have frequent insomnia or who have poor sleeping habits. It belongs to a class of drugs known as benzodiazepines. It is a prescription drug and taken as prescribed by your doctor. Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, falling, lack of muscular coordination, light-headedness, staggering. The side effects increases if it is combined with the following:- â€Å"Antidepressants such as Elavil and Tofranil Antihistamines such as Benadryl and Tavist Antipsychotic drugs such as Mellaril and chlorpromazine Barbiturates such as Seconal and phenobarbital Narcotic painkillers such as Demerol and Tylenol with Codeine Sedatives such as Xanax and Halcion Tranquilizers such as Librium and Valium† (http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/dal1113.shtml) Clomipramine, (brand name: Anafranil), is an anti-depressant used in treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).   It effects the serotonergic neuronal transmission by an unknown mechanism. Clomipramine should be avoided after myocardial infarction, liver damage, kidney damage, or glaucoma. The most noteworthy side effect of clomipramine known is seizures. Codeine is more commonly known as Empirin, Tylenol or Tylenol with Codeine Elixir. Codeine is an analgesic drug (narcotic pain reliever). It is used to treat all kinds of pain. â€Å"Codeine is frequently combined with Tylenol or aspirin for more effective pain relief.. EMPIRIN contains aspirin and is, therefore, not used in patients with a history of aspirin allergy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Tylenol with Codeine tablets contain a sulfite that can cause allergic asthma and even life-threatening anaphylaxis reactions in susceptible patients.†   http://www.medicinenet.com/codeine/article.htm Other side effects are usually subtle including abdominal pain, constipation nausea, vomiting and sedation. Tryptophan was banned in the United States due to the endemic outbreak Eosinophilia- Myalgia Syndrome (EMS). â€Å"The ban is maintained till now and its availability is limited to the prescription drug (Tryptan), infant formulas, and enteral feeding products. Since 1994 tryptophan is available and marketed as a dietary supplement in the United States, while imported product remains limited by special regulations†. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FDN/is_1_11/ai_n16126569 EMS (The Disease Caused By These Products) L-tryptophan is popular among health conscious individuals for treating pain disorders and insomnia. Contrary to its popularity, tryptophan metabolism includes a lot of disorders. Some of the diseases/complications involved in tryptophan metabolism include Eosinophilia- Myalgia Syndrome (EMS), Pellagra, and Hartnup Disease, eosinophilic fasciitis, bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), acute eosinophilic pulmonary disease, and Hypercapnic respiratory. â€Å"The name pellagra comes from the Italian pelle, skin + agra, rough = rough skin, referring to the skin problems in pellagra†. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10366page=7 Pellagra is defined by a deficiency of niacin (B complex vitamin) or tryptophan (an amino acid). It is characterized by the 4 D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death, usually appearing in this order. Other features are ulcerations within the mouth (glossitis), nausea, vomiting, seizures and balance disorder (ataxia). Niacin can prevent pellagra (and can cure it). Niacin is abundant in red meat, fish, poultry, and green leafy vegetables. Hartnup disease occurs when the essential amino acids such as, tryptophan, alanine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine, are lost in the urine. â€Å"The clinical features of Hartnup disease are virtually identical to those of pellagra,† except the dermal findings are absent neuropsychiatric disturbances are more pronounced. â€Å"Cerebellar ataxia, psychiatric disturbances, and diarrhea are common†. (http://www.medstudents.com.br/nefro/nefro3.htm) Eosinophilic fasciitis is a syndrome effecting fascia. Fascia is a muscle tissue present underneath the skin. Fascia is inflamed and thickens. Rapid swelling occurs in the hands, arms, legs, and feet. The cause of eosinophilic fasciitis,however, is unknown. Eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, increases in the affected fascia and muscles. Eosinophils are associated with allergic-type reactions. Symptoms include tenderness and swelling of the arms and legs, thickened skin, muscle weakness and bone pain or tenderness. It is usually treated wit corticosteroid medications, which provides relief of the symptoms. Non-steroids anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) may also help. â€Å"Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is an inflammation of the bronchioles and surrounding tissue in the lungs. BOOP may affect small areas of the lungs or the entire lung†. The pneumonia isnt infectious, but it is due to inflammation of the lung tissue around the inflamed bronchioles. The causes of BOOP are still unknown but it is predicted that is caused by certain medications, radiation therapy, organ and tissue transplantation or some connective tissue disorders, such as lupus. â€Å"Chest radiographic findings [are also] suggestive of L-tryptophan.†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"People with BOOP may or may not experience signs and symptoms. However, it can be detected on chest x-rays†. (http://lungdiseases.about.com/od/termsdefinitions/f/what_is_boop.htm) and (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n6_v104/ai_14707382) â€Å"A cluster of four patients has been identified with pulmonary infiltrates, pleural effusions, hypoxemia, peripheral eosinophilia, and histologic evidence of pneumonitis and pulmonary vasculitis. In addition, these patients report ingestion of L-tryptophan-containing products at a time when the public was made aware of an association between the ingestion of L-tryptophan-containing products and the development of an eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.† (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n1_v99/ai_10489355) â€Å"Respiratory failure due to a disease of the muscles used for breathing (pump or ventilatory apparatus failure) is called hypercapnic respiratory failure. The lungs of these patients are normal. This type of respiratory failure occurs in patients with neuromuscular diseases such as myasthenia gravis, stroke, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, postoperative situations limiting ability to take deep breaths, and in depressant drug overdoses. Each of these disorders involves a loss or decrease in neuromuscular function, inefficient breathing and limitation to the flow of air into the lungs. Blood oxygen falls and the carbon dioxide increases because fresh air is not brought into the alveoli in needed amounts. In general, mechanical devices that help move the chest wall help these patients.† (http://www.healthnewsflash.com/conditions/respiratory_failure.php#6) â€Å"Pellagra is now rare in developed countries which enjoy balanced diets and fortified foods, but it was once a huge public health problem in the US. Three million Americans contracted pellagra and 100,000 died of it from 1906-40.† (http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4821) The most well-known disease of L-Tryptophan metabolism is of the Eosinophilia- Myalgia Syndrome (EMS). â€Å"Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome is an immune mediated disease that  appeared in the United States as an epidemic in 1989. EMS resulted from ingestion of large amount of an amino acid, L-Tryptophan. Eosinophilia is an elevated level of a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil. Myalgia refers to muscle pain. Many Americans ingested the supplement regularly or occasionally during the 1980s, often upon the advice of a physician, for medical problems including insomnia, chronic pain, and depression†. http://eosinophilia-myalgia.swiftsite.com/) The overwhelming majority of persons who got sick with EMS had ingested contaminated L-Tryptophan eventually traced to one large petrochemical company, Showa Denko K.K., of Japan. Bottle labeling did not indicate the raw product originated in Japan, and nobody in this country, it seems, was told that genetic engineering had been used to manufacture the L-Tryptophan. â€Å"Evidence also shows that overloads of tryptophan supplements inhibit histamine degradation by increased formation of formate and indolyl metabolites, several of which inhibit the degradation of histamine, thereby potentiating its effects. Excessive histamine activity is known to induce blood eosinophilia and myalgia. Furthermore, patients with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation who do not have EMS also manifest greatly increased sensitivity to incurred tryptophan and histamine. Histamine disequilibrium appears to be a final common pathway for syndromes characterized by eosinophilia with myalgia.† (http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic693.htm) EMS is characterized by flu-like symptoms. â€Å"Intense muscle pain with spasms and contractures, burning rashes, breathing difficulties and elevated eosinophil (a type of white blood cell) count are also present†. http://www.iffgd.org/GIDisorders/Other.html â€Å"The skin and other organs get infiltrated by inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, and the connective tissue is often inflamed and fibrotic. Other chronic features include neuromuscular disease and cardiac disease†. http://www5.geometry.net/detail/health_conditions/eosinophilia_page_no_5.html It â€Å"causes permanent scarring and fibrosis to nerve and muscle tissues, continuing inflammation, and provokes a permanent change in the bodys immune system.† The body systems affected by EMS includes â€Å"neuromuscular, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, dermatologic  and endocrine systems.† Over time, the cutaneous abnormalities tend to improve, but many EMS patients continue to experience muscle cramps, muscle pain, fatigue, and memory disturbances. There is, unfortunately, no cure for EMS. Research is being conducted to develop an animal model of EMS so that its pathophysiology can be studied and treatments can be developed. Actual Recall and What Happened When It Was Issued Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome appeared first in 1989 in Mexico. Three women were suffering from a mysterious, undiagnosable condition whose symptoms comprised of â€Å"muscle pain and a high Eosinophilia count (a type of white blood cell that is usually found when a toxin or parasitic infection is present). The one thing common among all of the women was L-tryptophan†. The product came from Showa Denko Inc, a Japanese company.   Showa Denko Inc was reducing their manufacturing cost compromising in its purification procedures and quickens the production process through genetically engineered bacteria. Consequently, contaminated batches of L-tryptophan were placed on the market. Within months, 37 people killed and over 1500 were permanently disabled when they used this product.   (http://www.nemsn.org/) â€Å"Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in 1990, banned the sale of all over the counter L-tryptophan dietary supplements as it was found to be the common link in the EMS cases. Research was conducted to discover the cause of this illness. An unidentified impurity, called peak X, was found. The products were traced back to one manufacturer, Showa Denko KK (SDKK), one of Japans largest petrochemical companies†. (http://www.nemsn.org/) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the FDA agreed to that instituted a recall.   â€Å"The Food and Drug Administration today expanded its recall of L-tryptophan to include even small dosages of the manufactured dietary supplements†¦.The recall applies to all L-tryptophan products in tablet, capsule, caplet, powdered or liquid form, along with multi-ingredient, non-protein supplements that also contain L-tryptophan. (http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00064.html) Recall The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for guaranteeing the safety of the people of United States from the use of a variety of products, including drugs, medical devices and foods. â€Å"The FDA provides important and timely clinical information about safety issues involving medical products, including prescription and over-the-counter drugs, biologics, medical devices, and special nutritional products, including medical foods and dietary supplements. The FDA issues and/or announces product safety alerts, recalls, withdrawals, and important labeling changes that may affect the health of all Americans.† (http://www.drugrecalls.com/drug_recalls.html) A Recall is defined as an action taken by the FDA to remove a product from the market. However, under the Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, FDA can only request and not impose a firm to recall a product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FDA has no authority under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to order a recall, although it can request a firm to Recall a product. Under FDA’s regulation, a firm usually proceeds with a recall of a product voluntarily. It is because if they don’t comply FDA can seek a court order under the Federal Government to confiscate the product.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The recall of a defective or harmful drug or product is sometimes publicized in newspapers and in news broadcasts. The FDA publicizes a recall only when it believes the public needs to be alerted about a serious hazard. The FDA expects companies to take full responsibility for product recalls, including follow-up checks to assure that recalls are successful. After a recall is completed, the FDA makes sure that the product is destroyed or suitably reconditioned and investigates why the product was defective.† (http://www.drugrecalls.com/drug_recalls.html)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1989, an epidemic of a serious disorder called for eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) spread in the United States. It was associated with ingestion of large amount of essential amino acid L-tryptophan. Over 1,500 EMS cases were reported which includes 38 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After this incident, FDA imposed a recall on â€Å"all marketed products to which manufacturers had added [been] L-tryptophan†. Some particular medical foods or infant product essential for nutrition is were left. FDA also put alerts on the import of raw material used in association of L-tryptophan. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00259.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EMS outbreak originated from a particular product coming from Japanese manufacturer. A lot of research has been done to know the exact cause of EMS; however, none of them has been successful. Yet, th e recall remains. Product Liability Laws Product liability comprises a number of laws and court rulings that apply to â€Å"manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, suppliers, retailers [who] are held responsible for the injuries those products cause†. The phrase is used to describe situations in which a person or property is injured or damaged in some way due to a defective product or service. Negligence, Breach of warranty and strict tort liability are the claims associated with product liability laws. In the US, product liability laws are determined at the state level and they vary from state to state.    Different elements are needed to be proven for each type of claim. However, â€Å"in any jurisdiction one must prove that the product is defective. There are three types of product defects that incur liability in manufacturers and suppliers: design defects, manufacturing defects, and defects in marketing†. Design defects are present before the product is being manufactured; manufacturing defects occur during the manufacturing process; and, defects in marketing occurs during the marketing process of the product where false information is given to the consumers.    (http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Products_liability#products_liability_law:_an_overview) Negligence Negligence is defined as when the product manufacturer is unable to provide the legal standards protecting individuals against his/her product. In order to win a lawsuit against another person or company for products liability action under the theory of negligence, â€Å"a plaintiff must demonstrate that the injuries complained of were caused by a defective product whose defect existed at the time of injury and at the time in which the product left a manufacturers control†. A plaintiff must show that the goods were unreasonably dangerous either for the use to which they would ordinarily be put or for some other reasonably foreseeable purpose, and that the unreasonably dangerous condition existed when the goods left the manufacturer. (http://www.legal-definitions.com/personal-injury-law/product-liability/strict-liability-and-negligence-theories.htm) Elements Of Negligence Involved †¢ Duty:- According to the tort law, a Duty of Care is a legal obligation imposed on an individual or manufacturer requiring them to exercise a reasonable standard of care while performing any acts that could harm others. Duty of care in law should be identified for an action in negligence. Breach: Once the duty of care has been established, the plaintiff must prove that defendant failed to perform the necessary action. There will be a breach of the duty of care if defendant failed to do so. †¢ Causation: According to negligence, causation in defined as a situation when it has been proved that defendant has caused some kind of harm to the plaintiff. †¢ Damages/Harm:- â€Å"Damages are compensatory in nature and not penalizing. This means the amount awarded should aim to compensate for the pain and suffering suffered by the Plaintiff.† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negligence) †¢ Manufacturer liabilities:- As previously mentioned, manufacturer liabilities occur during the manufacturing process of the product. Subsequent liabilities of the distributors:- Distributors are held responsible if they provide false information, regarding the product, to the consumers. Breach of Warranty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Breach of warranty is defined as the existence of defective goods at the time of sale. A warranty is violated and the seller may be held liable. Strict Tort Liability â€Å"Strict liability claims focus on the product itself. Under strict liability, the manufacturer is liable if the product is defective, even if the manufacturer was not negligent in making that product defective.† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_liability#Products_Liability_and_Strict_Liability) FDA regulations (briefly discuss FDA’s view)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On March 22, 1990, the FDA banned the public sale dietary of L-Tryptophan completely. This ban continues today. Even small dosage of manufactured dietary supplements and manufactured L-tryptophan products in tablet, capsule, caplet, powdered or liquid form, along with multi-ingredient, non-protein supplements that also contain L-tryptophan,† come under this recall. â€Å"HHS Secretary Louis W. Sullivan, M.D., said, We are confronted with a Major public health problem.   He warned, EMS can cripple.   It can cause great pain.   It can kill.   It has had long-term effects on some unfortunate individuals, and some patients are not responding to treatment.   I urge everyone to stop taking these supplements immediately. FDAs Nov. 17 recall was base on evidence from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta and state public health agencies that EMS victims had intakes of L-tryptophan that ranged from 150 to 17, 000 milligrams a day.†(http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00064.html)   Class Action Suits Brought On By People Affected By L-Tryptophan Recall  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A tort is an unintentional violation of another persons rights, usually due to negligence. It is different than a crime, which generally is an intentional violation of anothers rights. A tort is subject to civil action and subsequent judgment for damages payable to the wronged party, whereas a crime is subject to criminal action and subsequent penalty. The Case: SHOWA DENKO K.K. v. PANGLE et al. (A91A1435)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1991)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Product liability action. Catoosa Superior Court. Before Judge Tucker. Plaintiff: Juanita Louise Pangle Defendant: Showa Denko K.K. (Showa Denko), Natures Bounty, Inc., the Hudson Corporation, and Showa Denko America, Inc. (S.D.A.). In late 1989, the Plaintiff Juanita Louise Pangle, a resident of Georgia, suffered from eosinophilia myalgia syndrome. EMS resulted from ingesting a large dose of L-Tryptophan, an amino acid, in the over the counter food supplement. She and her husband filed a product liability case against: Nature’s Beauty, Inc., the pharmacy from where she purchased the food supplement; the Hudson Corporation, the manufacturers which produced and marketed the food supplement; â€Å"Showa Denko K.K. (Showa Denko), the Japanese company which allegedly produced the raw material used by the manufacturers of the tablets; and Showa Denko America, Inc. (S.D.A.), the New York subsidiary of Showa Denko which marketed and distributed the raw material to American pharmaceutical manufacturers. Showa Denko appeals the denial of its motion to dismiss on the ground that personal jurisdiction is lacking both under the Georgia Long-Arm Statute and pursuant to constitutional requirements of due process. The Georgia Long-Arm Statute requires that an out-of-state defendant must do certain acts within the State of Georgia before he can be subjected to personal jurisdiction.† (http://www.lawskills.com/case/ga/id/33636/) According to the evidence and investigations provided, S.D.A. distributes and markets L-Tryptophan and other products in the United States. S.D.A. works for Showa Denko.   Georgia Long-Arm Statute states that since S.D.A is subjected to jurisdiction because it performed an act for Showa Denko, Showa Denko will also be subjected to jurisdictions. (S.D.A. filed no motion to dismiss)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Showa Denko is a diverse manufacturer who manufactures and sells many different products throughout the United States. Records show visits of employees of Showa Denko to Georgia for trade shows or business purposes. Most of the business is related to the marketing of the product. This evidence was provided to prove that Showa Denko is subjected to a jurisdiction under the Long-Arm Statute.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Showa Denko,according to records, have contact with the University of Georgia. Jointly they were testing feed-grade L-Tryptophan on laying hens. Showa Denko objected to this allegation and pointed out that this issue has no link to the jurisdiction. However, there were do records present that contradicted this point. L_tryptophan used for marketing is similar to testing of feed-grade L-tryptophan for animals. This animal search was not enough to confer jurisdiction because plaintiffs’ injuries were not due to this act. â€Å"Several other jurisdictions in which Showa Denko has been named as a defendant in a case alleging injury after ingesting L-tryptophan have found Showa Denko to be subject to personal jurisdiction.† (http://www.lawskills.com/case/ga/id/33636/) Liability Joint Liability: In the case SHOWA DENKO K.K. v. PANGLE et al., Joint Liability has been put forward. Joint Liability is defined when more than one person is held responsible for the negligence act. In this case, it was not only Showa Denko that suffered the jurisdiction. Instead it liability was confirmed on all its, manufacturers and its suppliers. Vicarious liability: â€Å"Vicarious liability as also observed. It is defined as when a person is held responsible for the tort of another person, even though the person being held responsible may not have done anything wrong† http://www.duhaime.org/dictionary/dict-uz.aspx .    Damages According to the tort law, damages are compensated in the form of monetary to the plaintiff. â€Å"Damages, in a legal sense, are the sum of money the law imposes for a breach of some duty or violation of some right.† The types of damages: Actual or Compensatory Damage: these kinds of damages are compensated with the injured plaintiff. Consequential: Consequential damages apply to â€Å"damages claimed and/or awarded in a lawsuit which were caused as a direct foreseeable result of wrongdoing.† General: In General damages, â€Å"there is no evidence of a specific dollar figure.† Liquidated:- Liquidated damages are â€Å"contractually established damages† Nominal: â€Å"a small amount of money awarded to a plaintiff in a lawsuit to show he/she was right but suffered no substantial harm.† Punitive: â€Å"Punitive damages are considered punishment and are awarded when the defendants behavior is found to be especially harmful, but are normally not awarded in the context of a breach of contract claim.† Special: â€Å"damages claimed and/or awarded in a lawsuit which were out-of-pocket costs directly as the result of the breach of contract, negligence or other wrongful act by the defendant. Special damages can include medical bills, repairs and replacement of property, loss of wages and other damages which are not speculative or subjective.† Treble: Treble damage is when the â€Å"successful parties should receive some multiple of their actual damages.† (http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Damages#definition) and (http://dictionary.law.com/) Actual Damages That Were Rewarded Expectations Damages: Expectation damages are a form of damages occurring when the defendant party fails to fulfill the contract. Showa Denko failed to provide the required amount of L-tryptophan in his product. General Damages: In general damages losses are not quantified in monetary terms. For example; it consists of the actual pain and suffering caused by the negligent act. Also, it covers the future losses including the continuing pain and suffering. The plaintiff suffered from Eosinophilia- Myalgia Syndrome (EMS). A disease that altered their lifestyles. Hedonic Damages; Hedonic Damages refers to loss of enjoyment of life damages or damages distinct from the human capital value. Treble Damages:- â€Å"Treble damages, in law, is a term that indicates that a statute permits a court to triple the amount of the actual/compensatory damages to be awarded to a prevailing plaintiff, generally in order to punish the losing party for willful conduct. Show Denko had to may a large sum of money to the plaintiff to compensate for the damage. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_damages) Causes of Action â€Å"The cause of action according to the law is the ground on which the plaintiff files a lawsuit against the defendant. A Cause of action encompasses both the legal theory of what legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered, and the remedy, which is the relief a court is asked to grant which is in the form of an Order of the Court instructing the defendant to do or not do something for the benefit of the plaintiff or an instruction in some cases to the plaintiff to do or not do something for the benefit of the defendant.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_action In this case, Fraud on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration can not be considered in this case. The reason being that, fraud is defined as the intentional deceit. In contrast it was proved to be negligence. Strict liability in tort is also in effect. Strict liability in tort refers to the damages caused to the consumer by the manufacture, distributor, and wholesaler of the product. Thus, in this case, the plaintiff filed a lawsuit giving negligence and strict liability a cause of action against the defendant. The plaintiff, in return of the losses, filed financial compensation. (http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Category:Overview)   Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The paper is concerned with an amino acid, L-Tryptophan, and its effects on general society. L-Tryptophan is required in the diet but it spread an epidemic in 1989. Eosinophilia- Myalgia Syndrome (EMS) was caused due to overdose of tryptophan in the dietary supplement.   The product came from Showa Denko Inc, a Japanese company.   Showa Denko Inc was reducing their manufacturing cost compromising in its purification procedures and quickens the production process through genetically engineered bacteria. Juanita Louise Pangle, a resident of Georgia, filed a case against Showa.  Ã‚   Due to the diverse and serious effects it produced, FDA banned tryptophan and placed a recall on all the products that contain it. All the over the counter food supplements had been removed. This recall is still in place, although, some changes has been made.    References John D Fernstrom (June 2000). Can nutrient supplements modify brain function?. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.Vol. 71. No. 6. Richard Alexander. Contaminated L-Tryptophan and 5-Hydroxy-L-Tryptophan, Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome [EMS]: The 1989 Epidemic and the 1998 Warning. The Consumer Law Page U. S. Food and Drug Administration (February 2001). Information Paper on L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan   Recall of L-Tryptophan http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00064.html. Accessed Februaary 4,2007.    Tryptophan – Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan. Accessed February 4,2007 Sepp Hasslberger   (July 16 2004) Tryptophan, Niacin Protect Against Alzheimers http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/sepp/2004/07/16/tryptophan_niacin_protect_against_alzheimers.htm. Accessed on February 4,2007. Product Liability-Strict Liability -Negligence Liability http://www.legal-definitions.com/personal-injury-law/product-liability/strict-liability-and-negligence-theories.htm. Accessed February 4,2007. Law.com Law Dictionary http://dictionary.law.com/. Accessed on February 5, 2007. Category: Overview-Wex http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/index.php/Category:Overview. Accessed February 5, 2007.    Vladimir Hegyi, MD, PhD, (December 4, 2006).Pellagra. http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic621.htm. Accessed on February 3,2007. Sherif Nasef, MD, (November 7, 2006). Eosinophilic Fasciitis http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic686.htm. Accessed on February 3, 2007. Gary R. Epler, M.D. (January 22, 2001). Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia. Internal Medicine. Volume 161 (2). Pages 158-164. http://www.epler.com/boop1.html Ira Jeffry Strumpf,   Richard D. Drucker,   Karl H. Anders,   Sylvan Cohen,   Oluwole Fajolu. (January 1991).Acute eosinophilic pulmonary disease associated with the ingestion of L-tryptophan-containing products.CHEST. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n1_v99/ai_10489355. Accesses February 3. 2007. Robert K. Murray. Daryl K. Granner. Peter A. Mayes. Victor W. Rodwell.( 2003). HARPER’S ILLUSTRATED BIOCHEMISTRY. A Lange Medical Book. Anafranil, Clomipramine Pharmacology –Healthyplace.com http://www.healthyplace.com/medications/anafranil.asp#description. Accessed February 3, 2007. Codeine – Complete medical information regarding this narcotic pain reliever http://www.medicinenet.com/codeine/article.htm. Accessed February 3, 2007. Dalmane, Flurazepam hydrochloride, side effects, drug interactions, overdose, dosage http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/dal1113.shtml. Accessed February 3, 2007. Xanax http://www.drugs.com/xanax.html. Accessed February 3, 2007. WHF Foods: Tryptophan http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrientdbid=103 Accessed on February 3rd, 2007 Dietary Supplements: Making Sure Hype Doesnt Overwhelm Science http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00259.html Accessed on February 3rd, 2007 FDA Recall Policies http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/recall2.txt Accessed on February 3rd, 2007 Drug Recalls – What is a Drug Recall? http://www.drugrecalls.com/drug_recalls.html Accessed on February 3rd, 2007

Physics of Rock Climbing :: physics sport sports rock climbing

When thinking of rock climbing it is good to think of all aspects of climbing in terms of energy. While thinking of energy, remember basic geology and know that not all rocks are formed in the same way, in other words know what type of rock you are dealing with, it is good to think of the process of formation behind the type of rock you may be climbing. Understanding the formation process will drastically change the climbing technique used to climb that particular rock. Another aspect of energy that one should keep in mind is drastically changing your potential energy. Typically people climb along a vertical direction and move off of the surface of the earth using the rock to help them defy gravity. This can be an exhilarating experience, using ones own body to absorb the energy of the rock and change their potential energy. And last but not least not every human can undergo this change in energy without fall protection, because it is very probable that a foot may slip or a han d hold might come loose , a person will fall, and of course a rope is a spring when dealing with falling. Volcanic rocks provide a very easy climb, with lots of big pockets and foot placement for a begging climber. Usually these rocks have a very high friction coefficient making them seem easy to "stick" to. This young lad, is pressing the rock with his hands not really using a hold, instead using more friction. Here is an example of a rock made from harder material, with a lower friction coefficient, making the climbing a little more difficult, causing the climber to rely more on hand strength, rather than friction to move up the rock. This rock type is very popular among climbers today. This man is climbing using an open handed grip with his right hand ensuring him the most positive force on bigger holds. And last is sandstone, which is considered the most dangerous rock type to climb, due to low friction and easy to break. As you can see the this climber has the least amount of hand holds causing this climbers techinique to change in hand holds, she is using a closed grip with her hands ensuring the most positive force her fingers can exert on the rock. Those are not the only type of rock Physics of Rock Climbing :: physics sport sports rock climbing When thinking of rock climbing it is good to think of all aspects of climbing in terms of energy. While thinking of energy, remember basic geology and know that not all rocks are formed in the same way, in other words know what type of rock you are dealing with, it is good to think of the process of formation behind the type of rock you may be climbing. Understanding the formation process will drastically change the climbing technique used to climb that particular rock. Another aspect of energy that one should keep in mind is drastically changing your potential energy. Typically people climb along a vertical direction and move off of the surface of the earth using the rock to help them defy gravity. This can be an exhilarating experience, using ones own body to absorb the energy of the rock and change their potential energy. And last but not least not every human can undergo this change in energy without fall protection, because it is very probable that a foot may slip or a han d hold might come loose , a person will fall, and of course a rope is a spring when dealing with falling. Volcanic rocks provide a very easy climb, with lots of big pockets and foot placement for a begging climber. Usually these rocks have a very high friction coefficient making them seem easy to "stick" to. This young lad, is pressing the rock with his hands not really using a hold, instead using more friction. Here is an example of a rock made from harder material, with a lower friction coefficient, making the climbing a little more difficult, causing the climber to rely more on hand strength, rather than friction to move up the rock. This rock type is very popular among climbers today. This man is climbing using an open handed grip with his right hand ensuring him the most positive force on bigger holds. And last is sandstone, which is considered the most dangerous rock type to climb, due to low friction and easy to break. As you can see the this climber has the least amount of hand holds causing this climbers techinique to change in hand holds, she is using a closed grip with her hands ensuring the most positive force her fingers can exert on the rock. Those are not the only type of rock

McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors Essay

McDonald’s is the world’s leading global foodservice retailer with more than 33,000 locations in 118 countries. McDonald’s has several company owned stores, but uses Franchising for both domestic and international expansion. McDonald’s India was set up as a 50:50 joint-venture between McDonald’s at a global level and regional Indian partners such as Hardcastle Restaurants Private Limited in western India, and Connaught Plaza Restaurants Private Limited in northern India. McDonald’s currently has over 220 restaurants in the country. McDonalds doesn’t provide any financial assistance and absentee ownership of finance is not allowed. Also, the financial requirements are quite steep. MFY- for implementing the MFY (Made for You) option for customers, the franchises are required to upgrade their equipment at their own expense. This caused some problem with maintaining standard service across all outlets. Pricing and menu may also be a point of difficulty for the franchiser and franchisee as prices vary between companies owned and franchised stores. Inconsistent standards- There are several instances of poor service or disgruntled customers complaining about the quality of food served. This is because it is difficult to enforce the exact same standards in all franchised stores. McDonald’s aims to provide 100 percent total customer satisfaction. In order to achieve this goal , McDonald’s relies on its operating philosophy based on QSC & V – Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value. McDonald’s believes that customer satisfaction is crucial to the success of the brand and all Restaurants must perform to the standards. These standards are used in both company owned and franchised restaurants. QUALITY Best ingredients: This is achieved by its commitment to sourcing all its requirements from local farmers and suppliers. Before entering India, the company spent six years and Rs. 450 crore toset up its supply chain. In India McDonalds pioneered the cold chain management which helpskeep vegetables and processed products safe for a longer time. Preparation Standards: Best quality standardized ingredients ensure standardized preparation standards can be followed. Every product has a fixed procedure of preparation. However, newer McDonald’s stores offer MFY (Made for You) where the product is made only after the order is placed. Other standards: * FIFO: (First in first out) for all inventories. * Reverse osmosis water treatment plant: Best technology for water purification at every outlet to provide water. Strict standards for vegetarian products including eggless mayonnaise and eggless ice-cream. SERVICE * Soft standards: * Welcome every customer with a smile and are genuinely friendly at all times * Deliver consistent standards of hospitality Seize opportunities to interact with customers in a personal and positive way * Be well informed about product contents and nutritional information * Always appear clean and well groomed. * Hard standards: * Serve fresh and hot * Serve within one minute of receiving order or give a free coke. This is implemented in a few outlets and is not applicable during peak hours. * Cleanliness and Hygiene * The counters, tables, floor area are to be kept clean at all times. * All staff required to cover their heads and wear gloves when within preparation area. * All these standards are evaluated by mystery shoppers and rated. This is called a RVR Restaurant Visitation Report) which provides a snapshot of the stores performance over a period of a few hours. The stores are graded either A, B, C or F. Facility Exterior: Exterior Design: McDonalds design exhibits a sense of â€Å"Forever Young† look with bright red and yellow colours appealing to the children and establishing its family restaurant positioning. The building provides a practical, contemporary design that aligns with the McDonald’s brand essence while accommodating the latest operational and consumer experience standards. Their mascot Ronald Mcdonald is also present outside each of their restaurants. McDonalds always have all glass restaurants. McDonalds has always clearly identified and managed the various clues that customers use to form the impressions and feeling about their company. In addition to this, McDonalds has separate take away counters in order to save time of their patrons. Signage: All of McDonalds external signage reads as, â€Å"McDonalds-Family restaurant. Also keeping in mind with the local language, all McDonalds restaurant have their name boards in Hindi. McDonalds strongly believes in adhering to the local sentiments and hence none of the outlets in India sell Beef products and every restaurant has this mentioned. Also McDonalds, strongly believes in glass branding for any new products or services they offer. Most of the communication is designed to cater to local tastes and preferences. Parking/Landscape/Surrounding Environment: All McDonald outlets are located are accessible and present everywhere thus capitalizing on brand recognition. Most of the McDonalds have their own restaurants and hence the seating space available is exclusive to McDonald’s patrons. Also McDonalds offers proper parking facilities for its highway restaurants. Facility Interior All McDonalds outlet are standardized in terms of layout and have proper in-store branding. The â€Å"Young and Cheerful† design concept is a progressive, youthful, and energetic environment with open views for social interaction. All McDonald outlets are huge with proper aisles and passages with appropriate signage for seating arena, lavatories, wet floor and food counters. McDonalds has a Made for You food preparation platform.MFY is a unique concept (cooking method) where the food is prepared as the customer places its order. This cooking method has helped McDonald’s further strengthen its food safety, hygiene and quality standards. McDonalds also has illuminated Menu boards that offer a mix of both vegetarian and non vegetarian burgers along with other savories and drinks. McDonalds also has proper queues for placing order and often there is a executive who assists you in order placing. Also McDonalds gives toys for children thus making them wanting to come back. The other visible cues are color, lighting, in-store music, employee uniforms and trays with literary. McDonalds has ample in store lighting and directly inï ¬â€šuences an individual’s perception of the deï ¬ nition and quality of the space, inï ¬â€šuencing his or her awareness of physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual aspects of the space. The bright McDonald stores ensure prompt handling and evaluation of products. In all McDonald stores the lighting is perceived as more pleasant than other fast food environments. The color scheme that McDonalds uses exhumes cheerfulness and warmth. Red depicts vibrance, cheerfulness while yellow depicts friendliness and brightness. At McDonalds, music is a positive auditory cue stimulating specific consumer behaviour and emotions. Music appears to influence buyer-seller interaction. There is audio played about the latest offers and products. Also a balance and constant sound creates a pleasant sound environment. All employees at McDonald are provided with uniforms and name badges along with caps with McDonald signature â€Å"M† arch. Employees are also trained with appropriate soft skills to address customers. Every employee or front line executive greets the customer and exchanges pleasantries, which makes them happy. Service quality gap: The five gaps that organizations should measure manage and minimize: Gap 1 (Listening gap) is the distance between what customers expect and what managers think they expect – Clearly survey research is a key way to narrow this gap. Gap 2 (standard and specification gap) is between management perception and the actual specification of the customer experience – Managers need to make sure the organization is defining the level of service they believe is needed. 29 Gap 3 (performance gap)is from the experience specification to the delivery of the experience -Managers need to audit the customer experience that their organization currently delivers in order to make sure it lives up to the specification Gap 4 (communication gap) is the gap between the delivery of the customer experience and what is communicated to customers – All too often organizations exaggerate what will be provided to customers, or discuss the best case rather than the likely case, raising customer expectations and harming customer perceptions Gap 5 is the gap between a customer’s perception of the experience and the customer’s expectation of the service – Customers’ expectations have been shaped by word of mouth, their personal needs and their own past experiences. Routine transactional surveys after delivering the customer experience are important for an organization to measure customer perceptions of service Service Quality dimensions Tangibles : Physical evidence of service Reliability : Consistency of performance and dependability Responsiveness : Willingness/readiness of employees to provide service in timely manner Credibility : Trustworthiness, believability, honesty Security : Freedom from danger, risk, doubt, assurance guarantee, Certification Competence : Possession of required skills to perform service Access : Approachability and ease of contact Empathy Courtesy : Politeness, respect, consideration, friendliness Values: They place customer experience at the core of all they do: They believe customers are the reason for their existence. They demonstrate their appreciation by providing them with high quality food and superior service in a clean, welcoming environment, at a great value. Their goal is quality, service, cleanliness and value (QSC&V) for each and every customer, each and every time. They are committed to their people. They provide opportunity, nurture talent, develop leaders and reward achievement. They believe that a team of well-trained individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, working together in an environment that fosters respect and drives high levels of engagement, is essential to their continued success. They believe in the McDonald’s System. McDonald’s business model, depicted by their â€Å"three-legged stool† of owner/operators, suppliers, and company employees, is their foundation, and balancing the interests of all three groups is the key. They operate their business ethically. Sound ethics is good business. At McDonald’s, they hold themselves and conduct their business to high standards of fairness, honesty, and integrity. They are individually accountable and collectively responsible. They give back to their communities. They take seriously the responsibilities that come with being a leader. They help their customers in building better communities, support Ronald McDonald House Charities, and leverage their size, scope and resources to help make the world a better place. They grow their business profitably. McDonald’s is a publicly traded company. As such, they work to provide sustained profitable growth for their shareholders. This requires continuous focus on their customers and the health of their system. They strive continually to improve. They are a learning organization that aims to anticipate and respond to changing customer, employee and system needs through constant evolution and innovation. McDonald’s is committed to providing the highest quality food and superior service, at a great value, in a clean and welcoming environment. That’s why we work with their employees, franchisees, and suppliers to serve a balanced array of food choices and provide the nutrition inform ation needed for customers to make sound decisions. At the restaurant level, McDonald’s is focused on energy conservation, sustainable packaging, and waste management. They are dedicated to innovate and improve their operations in order to build an even more sustainable, environment friendly and profitable business. And will continue to re optimize their menu, modernize the customer experience, and broaden accessibility to their brand, so that consumers will always enjoy the maximum McDonald’s experience. Service Blueprint: Loopholes in service operations: A research report released Thursday by Dunnhumby, highlighted by The Wall Street Journal, elucidates that in reality the customer eating experience is becoming more and more important to consumers. With so many fast-food options available, they make their decisions based on loyalty — and a significant portion of this support is garnered through a chain’s friendly customer service and good eating experience. It is without doubt that McDonald’s is still winning over Americans with its cheap Dollar Menu offerings and convenient drive thru service. But its poor customer-service scores are ultimately hurting its sales– a certainty supported by the Dunnhumby report that demonstrates that restaurants with higher customer-service scores tend to show higher comparable sales growth over a two-year period. Thus, if the world’s largest restaurant chain wants to maintain its edge over competitors, it must not only focus on price and promotions, but also the expe rience it offers to customers every day. And McDonald’s executives agree. The Wall Street Journal explains that in a webcast these executives held with franchise owners in March, they called its service â€Å"broken.† The number of customer complaints related to friendliness issues have only increased, and complaints about speed of service also â€Å"have increased significantly over the past six months.† Is it then perhaps possible that customers are becoming more accustomed to the friendly service and loyalty rewards they receive at other growing chains like and then less tolerating of the subpar services they encounter at other fast food chains? With respect to the services provided by McDonalds, the following management issues were observed McDonalds wishes to rework on its restaurant interiors and match up to those of its self owned restaurants, However the problem that they have encountered is that franchisee owners are unwilling to invest in interior design. McDonald’s has introduced MFY (Made for You) whereby the burgers are made after the order is placed. However, the franchises are required to upgrade their equipment in order to follow this. The franchisees are not willing to incur such expenditure which poses a problem to McDonald’s. We normally observe the customary trend of people queuing outside McDonalds especially during the weekends. This is due to the limited capacity space in the restaurants. This has been a persistent management problem for McDonalds. Even though the management at McDonalds has been trying to search for a solution for the same, it fears doing so pertaining to cost issues.